JOINT RESOLUTION To direct the removal of United States Armed Forces from hostilities against the Islamic Republic of Iran that have not been authorized by Congress.

But Congress has not declared war since World War II. The president is also the commander in chief of the U.S. Armed Forces. Moreover, the United States has carried out military strikes many times without seeking congressional approval.

The framers of the U.S. Constitution lived in an age of muskets and messengers, when war moved slowly and left time for Congress and the president to confer. But by giving Congress the power to declare war and the president command of the military, they set the stage for lasting struggle over U.S. forces.