Iran was found in non-compliance with its NPT safeguards obligations in an unusual non-consensus decision because it "failed in a number of instances over an extended period of time" to report aspects of its enrichment program.

Iran is a major regional power, due to its large reserves of fossil fuels (including the world's second largest natural gas supply and third largest proven oil reserves), its geopolitically significant location, and role as the world's focal point of Shia Islam.

The Iran–Israel war is an ongoing armed conflict between Iran and the Houthis against Israel and the United States that began on 13 June 2025, when Israel launched a surprise attack targeting key Iranian military and nuclear facilities.